Path: holytoy!seunet!sunic!EU.net!howland.reston.ans.net!noc.near.net!pad-thai.aktis.com!pad-thai.aktis.com!not-for-mail From: andrewh@speech.su.oz.au (Andrew Hunt) Newsgroups: comp.speech,comp.answers,news.answers Subject: comp.speech FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions) Summary: Useful information about Speech Technology Message-ID: Date: 10 Jan 1994 00:00:40 -0500 Expires: 21 Feb 1994 05:00:11 GMT Sender: faqserv@security.ov.com Reply-To: andrewh@speech.su.oz.au (Andrew Hunt) Followup-To: comp.speech Organization: Speech Technology Group, The University of Sydney Lines: 2310 Approved: news-answers-request@MIT.Edu Supersedes: NNTP-Posting-Host: pad-thai.aktis.com X-Last-Updated: 1993/11/10 Archive-name: comp-speech-faq Last-modified: 1993/11/11 comp.speech Frequently Asked Questions ========================== This document is an attempt to answer commonly asked questions and to reduce the bandwidth taken up by these posts and their associated replies. If you have a question, please check this file before you post. The FAQ is not meant to discuss any topic exhaustively. It will hopefully provide readers with pointers on where to find useful information. It also tries to list useful material available elsewhere on the net. This FAQ is posted monthly to comp.speech, comp.answers and news.answers. It is also available for anonymous ftp from the comp.speech archive site svr-ftp.eng.cam.ac.uk:/comp.speech/FAQ It is also available from the news.answers ftp site (and its mirrors) as rtfm.mit.edu:/pub/usenet/news.answers/comp-speech-faq If you have not already read the Usenet introductory material posted to "news.announce.newusers", please do. For help with FTP (file transfer protocol) look for a regular posting of "Anonymous FTP List - FAQ" in comp.misc, comp.archives.admin and news.answers amongst others. Admin ----- There are several new product entries in this release plus updates on quite a few entries. I have introduced Question 1.6 on the use of speech technology as aids for the handicapped. The first information is on a speech therapy aid. Can people with experience in this area provide details of aids for the blind, deaf, speech impaired, RSI, physically impaired and others. If there is sufficient information it can form its own section. My email address has changed to andrewh@speech.su.oz.au. The old one will work for some time still. Cheers, Andrew Hunt Speech Technology Research Group email: andrewh@speech.su.oz.au Department of Electrical Engineering Ph: 61-2-692 4509 University of Sydney, NSW, Australia. Fax: 61-2-692 3847 ========================== Acknowledgements =========================== Thanks to the following for their significant comments and contributions. Barry Arons Joe Campbell Oliver Jakobs Sonja Kowalewski Tony Robinson Mike Many others have provided useful information. Thanks to all. ============================ Contents ================================= PART 1 - General Q1.1: What is comp.speech? Q1.2: Where are the comp.speech archives? Q1.3: Common abbreviations and jargon. Q1.4: What are related newsgroups and mailing lists? Q1.5: What are related journals and conferences? Q1.6: What resources are available as handicap aids? Q1.7: What speech data is available? Q1.8: Speech File Formats, Conversion and Playing. Q1.9: What "Speech Laboratory Environments" are available? PART 2 - Signal Processing for Speech Q2.1: What speech sampling and signal processing hardware can I use? Q2.2: What signal processing techniques are for speech technology? Q2.3: How do I find the pitch of a speech signal? Q2.4: How do I find the start and end points of a speech signal? Q2.5: Where can I find FFT software? Q2.6: How do I convert to/from mu-law format? PART 3 - Speech Coding and Compression Q3.1: Speech compression techniques. Q3.2: What are some good references/books on coding/compression? Q3.3: What software is available? PART 4 - Speech Synthesis Q4.1: What is speech synthesis? Q4.2: How can speech synthesis be performed? Q4.3: What are some good references/books on synthesis? Q4.4: What software/hardware is available? PART 5 - Speech Recognition Q5.1: What is speech recognition? Q5.2: How can I build a very simple speech recogniser? Q5.2: What does speaker dependent/adaptive/independent mean? Q5.3: What does small/medium/large/very-large vocabulary mean? Q5.4: What does continuous speech or isolated-word mean? Q5.5: How is speech recognition done? Q5.6: What are some good references/books on recognition? Q5.7: What speech recognition packages are available? PART 6 - Natural Language Processing Q6.1: What are some good references/books on NLP? Q6.2: What NLP software is available? ======================================================================= PART 1 - General Q1.1: What is comp.speech? comp.speech is a newsgroup for discussion of speech technology and speech science. It covers a wide range of issues from application of speech technology, to research, to products and lots more. By nature speech technology is an inter-disciplinary field and the newsgroup reflects this. However, computer application is the basic theme of the group. The following is a list of topics but does not cover all matters related to the field - no order of importance is implied. [1] Speech Recognition - discussion of methodologies, training, techniques, results and applications. This should cover the application of techniques including HMMs, neural-nets and so on to the field. [2] Speech Synthesis - discussion concerning theoretical and practical issues associated with the design of speech synthesis systems. [3] Speech Coding and Compression - both research and application matters. [4] Phonetic/Linguistic Issues - coverage of linguistic and phonetic issues which are relevant to speech technology applications. Could cover parsing, natural language processing, phonology and prosodic work. [5] Speech System Design - issues relating to the application of speech technology to real-world problems. Includes the design of user interfaces, the building of real-time systems and so on. [6] Other matters - relevant conferences, books, public domain software, hardware and related products. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Q1.2: Where are the comp.speech archives? comp.speech is being archived for anonymous ftp. ftp site: svr-ftp.eng.cam.ac.uk (or 129.169.24.20). directory: comp.speech/archive comp.speech/archive contains the articles as they arrive. Batches of 100 articles are grouped into a shar file, along with an associated file of Subject lines. Other useful information is also available in comp.speech/info. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Q1.3: Common abbreviations and jargon. ANN - Artificial Neural Network. ASR - Automatic Speech Recognition. ASSP - Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing AVIOS - American Voice I/O Society CELP - Code-book excited linear prediction. COLING - Computational Linguistics DTW - Dynamic time warping. FAQ - Frequently asked questions. HMM - Hidden markov model. IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers JASA - Journal of the Acoustic Society of America LPC - Linear predictive coding. LVQ - Learned vector quantisation. NLP - Natural Language Processing. NN - Neural Network. TI - Texas Instruments. TIMIT - A big speech database from TI and MIT - see Q1.6 TTS - Text-To-Speech (i.e. synthesis). VQ - Vector Quantisation. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Q1.4: What are related newsgroups and mailing lists? NEWGROUPS comp.ai - Artificial Intelligence newsgroup. Postings on general AI issues, language processing and AI techniques. Has a good FAQ including NLP, NN and other AI information. comp.ai.nat-lang - Natural Language Processing Group Postings regarding Natural Language Processing. Set up to cover a broard range of related issues and different viewpoints. comp.ai.nlang-know-rep - Natural Language Knowledge Representation Moderated group covering Natural Language. comp.ai.neural-nets - discussion of Neural Networks and related issues. There are often posting on speech related matters - phonetic recognition, connectionist grammars and so on. comp.compression - occasional articles on compression of speech. FAQ for comp.compression has some info on audio compression standards. comp.dcom.telecom - Telecommunications newsgroup. Has occasional articles on voice products. comp.dsp - discussion of signal processing - hardware and algorithms and more. Has a good FAQ posting. Has a regular posting of a comprehensive list of Audio File Formats. comp.multimedia - Multi-Media discussion group. Has occasional articles on voice I/O. sci.lang - Language. Discussion about phonetics, phonology, grammar, etymology and lots more. alt.sci.physics.acoustics - some discussion of speech production & perception. alt.binaries.sounds.misc - posting of various sound samples alt.binaries.sounds.d - discussion about sound samples, recording and playback. MAILING LISTS ECTL - Electronic Communal Temporal Lobe Founder & Moderator: David Leip Moderated mailing list for researchers with interests in computer speech interfaces. This list serves a broad community including persons from signal processing, AI, linguistics and human factors. To subscribe, send the following information to: ectl-request@snowhite.cis.uoguelph.ca name, institute, department, daytime phone & e-mail address To access the archive, ftp snowhite.cis.uoguelph.ca, login as anonymous, and supply your local userid as a password. All the ECTL things can be found in pub/ectl. Prosody Mailing List Unmoderated mailing list for discussion of prosody. The aim is to facilitate the spread of information relating to the research of prosody by creating a network of researchers in the field. If you want to participate, send the following one-line message to "listserv@msu.edu" :- subscribe prosody Your Name foNETiks A monthly newsletter distributed by e-mail. It carries job advertisements, notices of conferences, and other news of general interest to phoneticians, speech scientists and others The current editors are Linda Shockey and Gerry Docherty. # The email address seems to have changed - does anyone know the current subscription details? Digital Mobile Radio Covers lots of areas include some speech topics including speech coding and speech compression. Mail Peter Decker (dec@dfv.rwth-aachen.de) to subscribe. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Q1.5: What are related journals and conferences? Try the following commercially oriented magazine:- Speech Technology - no longer published Voice Technology News Try the following technical journals (some contact addresses below):- IEEE Transactions on Speech and Audio Processing (from Jan 93) IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ASSP) - now obsolete. Computational Linguistics (COLING) Computer Speech and Language Journal of the Acoustical Society of America (JASA) Transactions of IEEE ASSP AVIOS Journal ASR News Try the following conferences:- ICASSP Intl. Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing (IEEE) ICSLP Intl. Conference on Spoken Language Processing EUROSPEECH European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology AVIOS American Voice I/O Society Conference SST Australian Speech Science and Technology Conference SpeechTech Here are a few contact addresses:- Publications: IEEE Transactions on Speech and Audio Processing (from Jan 93) IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ASSP) - now obsolete. Organization: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Address: IEEE Service Center 445 Hoes Lane PO Box 1331 Piscataway, NJ 08855, USA Phone number: 1-800-678-IEEE (201)981-0060 Publications: Computer Speech and Language Organization: Academic Press, Ltd. Address: 24-28 Oval Rd London NW1 England Price: $136 (Institutions), $58 (Individuals) Publications: Association for Computational Linguistics Organization: Association for Computational Linguistics Address: MIT Press Journals 55 Hayward St Cambridge, MA 02142 Phone number: (617)253-2889 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Q1.6: What resources are available as handicap aids? Can anyone provide information on speech technology aids for the deaf, blind, speech impaired, physically impaired and other groups who may benefit from speech technology? Product Name: SpeechViewer II Platform: IBM Machines from Mod 25 on. Description: SpeechViewer II is a speech therapy tool. It provided graphical feedback of various speech features so that speech impaired individuals can improve their speech. It works with an audio bandwidth of 7.3 Khz and thus allows the therapist to work with sustained vowels and fricatives. A wide range of graphics are used to provide adequate variability to hold client interest. An extensive set of statistics are gathered which allows a therapist to do research or keep therapy records. The speech therapy modules are: o Awareness - Sound, Loudness, Pitch, Voicing Onset, Voicing o Skill Building - Pitch, Voicing, Phonology o Patterning - Pitch & Loudness - Waveform & Spectrogram, Spectra o Clinical Management - Profiles, Models, Client Data Hardware: Requires an IBM M-ACPA (Multimedia-Audio Capture Playback Adapter). It has a TI TMS320C25 DSP chip. The input sampling rate is 44.1 Khz stereo, 88.2 Khz mono. This is a 16 bit card. It has the following jacks: mic in, stereo line in, stereo line out, speaker out. Note: This card is being replaced by Mwave technology. For more info on Mwave contact Texas Instruments. Price: The software is $2130 list, $1491 educational, part number 92F2066. The M-ACPA is $370 list, $222 educational, part number 92F3378. The MicroChannel adapter part number is 92F3379 (same price). Contact: The Psychological Corporation (TPC) [IBM Authorized Remarketer] Phone: 1-800-228-0752 Or contact IBM on 1-800-426-4832. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Q1.7: What speech data is available? A wide range of speech databases have been collected. These databases are primarily for the development of speech synthesis/recognition and for linguistic research. Some databases are free but most appear to be available for a small cost. The databases normally require lots of storage space - do not expect to be able to ftp all the data you want. [There are too many to list here in detail - perhaps someone would like to set up a special posting on speech databases?] PHONEMIC SAMPLES ================ First, some basic data. The following sites have samples of English phonemes (American accent I believe) in Sun audio format files. See Question 1.7 for information on audio file formats. sounds.sdsu.edu:/.1/phonemes phloem.uoregon.edu:/pub/Sun4/lib/phonemes sunsite.unc.edu:/pub/multimedia/sun-sounds/phonemes HOMOPHONE LIST ============== A list of homophones in General American English is available by anonymous FTP from the comp.speech archive site: machine name: svr-ftp.eng.cam.ac.uk directory: comp.speech/data file name: homophones-1.01.txt LINGUISTIC DATA CONSORTIUM (LDC) ================================ Information about the Linguistic Data Consortium is available via anonymous ftp from: ftp.cis.upenn.edu (130.91.6.8) in the directory: /pub/ldc Here are some excerpts from the files in that directory: Briefly stated, the LDC has been established to broaden the collection and distribution of speech and natural language data bases for the purposes of research and technology development in automatic speech recognition, natural language processing and other areas where large amounts of linguistic data are needed. Here is the brief list of corpora: * The TIMIT and NTIMIT speech corpora * The Resource Management speech corpus (RM1, RM2) * The Air Travel Information System (ATIS0) speech corpus * The Association for Computational Linguistics - Data Collection Initiative text corpus (ACL-DCI) * The TI Connected Digits speech corpus (TIDIGITS) * The TI 46-word Isolated Word speech corpus (TI-46) * The Road Rally conversational speech corpora (including "Stonehenge" and "Waterloo" corpora) * The Tipster Information Retrieval Test Collection * The Switchboard speech corpus ("Credit Card" excerpts and portions of the complete Switchboard collection) Further resources to be made available within the first year (or two): * The Machine-Readable Spoken English speech corpus (MARSEC) * The Edinburgh Map Task speech corpus * The Message Understanding Conference (MUC) text corpus of FBI terrorist reports * The Continuous Speech Recognition - Wall Street Journal speech corpus (WSJ-CSR) * The Penn Treebank parsed/tagged text corpus * The Multi-site ATIS speech corpus (ATIS2) * The Air Traffic Control (ATC) speech corpus * The Hansard English/French parallel text corpus * The European Corpus Initiative multi-language text corpus (ECI) * The Int'l Labor Organization/Int'l Trade Union multi-language text corpus (ILO/ITU) * Machine-readable dictionaries/lexical data bases (COMLEX, CELEX) The files in the directory include more detailed information on the individual databases. For further information contact Linguistic Data Consortium 441 Williams Hall University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305 Phone: +1 (215) 898-0464 Fax: +1 (215) 573-2175 e-mail: ldc@unagi.cis.upenn.edu Center for Spoken Language Understanding (CSLU) =============================================== 1. The ISOLET speech database of spoken letters of the English alphabet. The speech is high quality (16 kHz with a noise cancelling microphone). 150 speakers x 26 letters of the English alphabet twice in random order. The "ISOLET" data base can be purchased for $100 by sending an email request to vincew@cse.ogi.edu. (This covers handling, shipping and medium costs). The data base comes with a technical report describing the data. 2. CSLU has a telephone speech corpus of 1000 English alphabets. Callers recite the alphabet with brief pauses between letters. This database is available to not-for-profit institutions for $100. The data base is described in the proceedings of the International Conference on Spoken Language Processing. Contact vincew@cse.ogi.edu if interested. PhonDat - A Large Database of Spoken German =========================================== The PhonDat continuous speech corpora are now available on CD-ROM media (ISO 9660 format). PhonDat I (Diphone Corpus) : 6 CDs (1140.- DM) PhonDat II (Train Enquiries Corpus): 1 CD ( 190.- DM) PhonDat I comprises approx. 20.000, PhonDat II approx. 1500 signal files in high quality 16-bit 16 KHz recording. The corpora come with a documentation containing the orthographic transcription and a citation form of the utterances, as well as a detailed file format description. A narrow phonetic transcription is available for selected files from corpus I and II. For information and orders contact Barbara Eisen Institut fuer Phonetik Schellingstr. 3 / II D 80799 Munich 40 Tel: +49 / 89 / 2180 -2454 or -2758 Fax: +49 / 89 / 280 03 62 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Q1.8: Speech File Formats, Conversion and Playing. Section 2 of this FAQ has information on mu-law coding. A very good and very comprehensive list of audio file formats is prepared by Guido van Rossum. The list is posted regularly to comp.dsp and alt.binaries.sounds.misc, amongst others. It includes information on sampling rates, hardware, compression techniques, file format definitions, format conversion, standards, programming hints and lots more. It is much too long to include within this posting. It is also available by ftp from: ftp.cwi.nl directory: /pub file: AudioFormats ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Q1.9: What "Speech Laboratory Environments" are available? First, what is a Speech Laboratory Environment? A speech lab is a software package which provides the capability of recording, playing, analysing, processing, displaying and storing speech. Your computer will require audio input/output capability. The different packages vary greatly in features and capability - best to know what you want before you start looking around. Most general purpose audio processing packages will be able to process speech but do not necessarily have some specialised capabilities for speech (e.g. formant analysis). The following article provides a good survey. Read, C., Buder, E., & Kent, R. "Speech Analysis Systems: An Evaluation" Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, pp 314-332, April 1992. Package: Entropic Signal Processing System (ESPS) and Waves Platform: Range of Unix platforms. Description: ESPS is a very comprehensive set of speech analysis/processing tools for the UNIX environment. The package includes UNIX commands, and a comprehensive C library (which can be accessed from other languages). Waves is a graphical front-end for speech processing. Speech waveforms, spectrograms, pitch traces etc can be displayed, edited and processed in X windows and Openwindows (versions 2 & 3). The HTK (Hidden Markov Model Toolkit) is now available from Entropic. HTK is described in some detail in Section 5 of this FAQ - the section on Speech Recognition. Cost: On request. Contact: Entropic Research Laboratory, Washington Research Laboratory, 600 Pennsylvania Ave, S.E. Suite 202, Washington, D.C. 20003 (202) 547-1420. email - info@wrl.epi.com Package: CSRE: Canadian Speech Research Environment Platform: IBM/AT-compatibles Description: CSRE is a comprehensive, microcomputer-based system designed to support speech research. CSRE provides a powerful, low-cost facility in support of speech research, using mass-produced and widely-available hardware. The project is non-profit, and relies on the cooperation of researchers at a number of institutions and fees generated when the software is distributed. Functions include speech capture, editing, and replay; several alternative spectral analysis procedures, with color and surface/3D displays; parameter extraction/tracking and tools to automate measurement and support data logging; alternative pitch-extraction systems; parametric speech (KLATT80) and non-speech acoustic synthesis, with a variety of supporting productivity tools; and a comprehensive experiment generator, to support behavioral testing using a variety of common testing protocols. A paper about the whole package can be found in: Jamieson D.G. et al, "CSRE: A Speech Research Environment", Proc. of the Second Intl. Conf. on Spoken Language Processing, Edmonton: University of Alberta, pp. 1127-1130. Hardware: Can use a range of data aqcuisition/DSP Cost: Distributed on a cost recovery basis. Availability: For more information on availability contact Krystyna Marciniak - email march@uwovax.uwo.ca Tel (519) 661-3901 Fax (519) 661-3805. For technical information - email ramji@uwovax.uwo.ca Note: Also included in Q4.4 on speech synthesis packages. Package: OGI Speech Tools from the Center for Spoken Language Understanding (CSLU) at the Oregon Graduate Institute of Science and Technology (Portland Oregon) Platform: Unix???? Description: The OGI Speech tools include :- 1. An X windows display tool (LYRE) for displaying data in a time synchronous fashion for a. the speech signal b. spectrograms c. phoneme labels, and other information. 2. A Neural Network (NOPT) training package. 3. An set of C library routines (LIBNSPEECH) for the manipulation of speech data, including: a. PLP Analysis, b. Rasta PLP Analysis, c. Linear Predictive Coding, d. Mel Cepstrum Coding, e. Fast Fourier Transform 4. A set of utilities for converting file formats such as ADC, NIST, mu-law, binary files, and ascii. Includes filtering. 5. A database utility (find_phone) to automate speech database related enquiries. It allows the user to specify a particular label or set of labels in a given context, display all occurrences of the label, and relabel the occurrences if desired. 6. A Vector-Quantizer based on the Linde Buzo and Gray (LBG) algorithm. 7. A set of PEARL Scripts which have been used mainly to automate the use of the OGI Speech Tools. 8. MAN Pages for all routines and programs developed, as well as a User manual in both in postscript and {\bf tex} format. Misc: Software is written in ANSI C. Availability: By anonymous ftp from speech.cse.ogi.edu:/pub/tools/ Contact: Try tools@cse.ogi.edu Package: Signalyze 2.4x from InfoSignal Platform: Macintosh Description: Signalyze's basic conception revolves around up to 100 signals, displayed synchronously in HyperCard fashion on "cards". The program offers a complement of signal editing features, quite a few spectral analysis tools, manual scoring tools, pitch extraction routines, a good set of signal manipulation tools, and extensive input-output capacity. Handles multiple file formats: Signalyze, MacSpeech Lab, AudioMedia, SoundDesigner II, SoundEdit/MacRecorder, SoundWave, three sound resource formats, and ASCII-text. Sound I/O: Direct sound input from MacRecorder and similar devices, AudioMedia, AudioMedia II and AD IN, some MacADIOS boards and devices, Apple sound input (built-in microphone). Sound output via Macintosh internal sound, some MacADIOS boards and devices as well as via the Digidesign 16-bit boards. Compatibility: MacPlus and higher (including II, IIx, IIcx, IIci, IIfx, IIvx, IIvi, Portable, all PowerBooks, Centris and Quadras). Takes advantage of large and multiple screens and 16/256 color/grayscales. System 7.0 compatible. Runs in background with adjustable priority. Misc: A demo available upon request. Manuals and tutorial included. It is available in English, French, and German. An UPDATER to version 2.48 is now available in: - The UNIL Gopher server (see last page of InfoSignal News 8) - The LAIP FTP server. Address: MACFL4082.unil.ch, machine no. 130.223.104.31, login: anonymous, password: your email Also available are a demo program, and current questions and answers. Cost: Individual licence US$350, site license US$500, plus shipping. Contact: North America - Network Technology Corporation 91 Baldwin St., Charlestown MA 02129 Fax: 617-241-5064 Phone: 617-241-9205 Elsewhere - InfoSignal Inc. C.P. 73, 1015 LAUSANNE, Switzerland, FAX: +41 21 691-1372, Email: 76357.1213@COMPUSERVE.COM. Package: Kay Elemetrics CSL (Computer Speech Lab) 4300 Platform: Minimum IBM PC-AT compatible with extended memory (min 2MB) with at least VGA graphics. Optimal would be 386 or 486 machine with more RAM for handling larger amounts of data. Description: Speech analysis package, with optional separate LPC program for analysis/synthesis. Uses its own file format for data, but has some ability to export data as ascii. The main editing/analysis prog (but not the LPC part) has its own macro language, making it easy to perform repetitive tasks. Probably not much use without the extra LPC program, which also allows manipulation of pitch, formant and bandwidth parameters. Hardware includes an internal DSP board for the PC (requires ISA slot), and an external module containing signal processing chips which does A/D and D/A conversion. A speaker and microphone are supplied. Misc: A programmers kit is available for programming signal processing chips (experts only). Manuals included. Cost: Recently approx 6000 pounds sterling. (Less in USA?) Availibility: UK distributors are Wessex Electronics, 114-116 North Street, Downend, Bristol, B16 5SE Tel: 0272 571404. In USA: Kay Elemetrics Corp, 12 Maple Avenue, PO Box 2025, Pine Brook, NJ 07058-9798 Tel:(201) 227-7760 Package: MacSpeech Lab II (MSL II) Platform: Macintosh Description: A sound analysis and acquisition for Macs. MSL II delivers the most common functions for speech analysis (FFTs, LPCs, f0 extraction, etc.) & produces grayscale spectrographic displays. Can be used for various speech technology and phonetic training tasks. The software an trade off accuracy and speech. Hardware: requires MacADIOS ("Macintosh Analog/Digital Input/Output System") hardware for speech I/O at 12/16 bits. Misc: Software no longer updated by GW Instruments; MSL soft/hardware will not perform input/output on Quadras, for example, though analysis seems fine. Known to operate properly on systems as high as IIcx & II fx. Cost: $4990 (in May '92 price list; no MSL soft/hardware package listed in January '93). Contact: GW Instruments 35 Medford Street, Somerville, MA 02143 Phone: (617) 625-4096 Fax: (617) 625-1322